These procedures are indicated where there is fluid, air or abnormal tissue in the pleural space (the space between the lung and the chest wall). For diagnostic sampling a special biopsy needle is used to get a small piece of tissue for laboratory analysis.
If there is accumulation of fluid or air in the pleural space it can cause significant breathing difficulty, in which case a chest tube (also known as intercostal drain) is indicated. These devices range in shape and size depending on the indication. A chest tube is usually placed under local anaesthesia with or without additional pain relief and sedation. The device usually stays in place for a few days and are kept in place with stitches. X-rays are used to confirm correct positioning.
Pleurodesis is when a substance like talc is instilled into the pleural space to cause an inflammatory reaction which will keep the lung expanded. This option is considered in patients with recurrent lung collapse (pneumothorax).
